NEXT GENERATION HIGH-SPEED BLUETOOTH WIRELESS

TECHNOLOGY TO BE BASED ON WIMEDIA ULTRA-WIDEBAND PLATFORM

In response to the Bluetooth Special Interest Group’s (SIG’s) selection of WiMedia UWB as its future radio platform, the WiMedia Alliance today shared its positive outlook regarding the joint effort to develop high-rate Bluetooth wireless technology. The two groups bring together critical technology skill sets necessary for developing a next-generation low power, low-cost ad hoc networking solution that will expand Bluetooth technology’s current success. Consumers are demanding higher bandwidth for their mobile, consumer electronics and communications devices, said Stephen R. Wood, president of the WiMedia Alliance and UWB technology strategist at Intel. The WiMedia Alliance combining forces with the Bluetooth SIG is an exciting development that will help define Bluetooth technology as a key personal area network technology for today and the future.

Baja ULC Project

Baja it is a India’s top second two wheeler company, now it is heading towards to finish ULC prokect the Ultra Low Car, Baja say’s its not just a cheap car but it is a high quality tech car which got low price. It's been a while since we've heard an update on the car coming from the joint venture of Renault-Nissan and Indian manufacturer Bajaj, a competitor to the Tata Nano. Carlos Ghosn, Renault-Nissan's CEO, fills us in with a statement that the ULC (Ultra Low Car) project is alive and well. What news do we learn? First, the 2011 release date has been pushed back to 2012. Second, the car is going to cost $3,000 (compared to the Nano's base price of around $2,000) and will still be available in a version that gets 70 mpg. According to Ghosn, the car will be designed, developed and produced by Bajaj, while Renault-Nissan will provide sales and marketing. We surmise that an export model, with either Nissan or Renault (or maybe Dacia) badges, is more than a possibility.

Real Time Embedded System (RTES)

In the day-to-day life we come across a wide variety of consumer electronic products. We are habituated to use them easily and flawlessly to our advantage. Common examples are TV Remote Controllers, Mobile Phones, FAX machines, Xerox machines etc. Each of these devices does have one or more programmable devices waiting to interact with the environment as effectively as possible. These are a class of Embedded Systems and they provide service in real time. i.e. we need not have to wait too long for the action.

Let us see how an embedded system is characterized and how complex it could be? Take example of a mobile telephone we know that a mobile phone is a very complex device which houses a number of miniature gadgets functioning coherently on a single device. Moreover each of these embedded gadgets such as digital camera or an FM radio along with the telephone has a number of operating modes such as adjust the zoom of the digital camera, reduce the screen brightness, change the ring tone, relay a specific song from your favorite FM station to your friend using your mobile You may like to use it as a calculator, address book, emailing device etc. These variations in the functionality can only be achieved by a very flexible device. This flexible device sitting at the heart of the circuits is none other than a Customized Microprocessor it known as an Embedded Processor and the mobile phone housing a number of functionalities is known as an Embedded System. Since it satisfies the requirement of a number of users at the same time it is working within a time-constraint, i.e. it has to satisfy everyone with the minimum acceptable delay. We call this as to work in Real Time. This is unlike your holidaying attitude when you take the clock on your stride. Thus we can name the mobile telephone as a “Real Time Embedded System” (RTES)

CDMA Technology

The ongoing growth in demand for high-speed packet data services and multimedia applications over mobile wireless networks has set new system requirements and objectives for the next generation of air interface protocols and network architectures. Although the channelization, signaling, and access protocols of second generation (2G) cellular systems were designed to efficiently support symmetric circuit switched data and voice traffic, most of the new data applications are IP based with highly asymmetric and packet-switch traffic. This asymmetric and bursty nature of multimedia packet data traffic along with the variability of data rates and packet sizes and complexity of quality of service management makes conventional voice-oriented channelization and access protocols of 2G systems inefficient. The third generations of radio access technologies, commonly known as 3G systems, are expected to use new physical and logical channelization schemes with enhanced media and link access control protocols. Also, to maximize the spectrum efficiency, the physical layer designs must utilize advanced coding, link adaptation, and diversity schemes as well as power and interference control mechanisms.

Online Fashion

If you love fashion and want to design your own colthes onlin, there are some great ways to get your creative juices flowing. All you need to start is a little imagination and soon you’ll have custom t-shirts, bag, dresses, and unique clothing ideas. First browse through some website to get an idea of what colthing style you want to design. Some thimes it can be fun to stick with the latest trends, but it’s also great to be innovative and start your own custom fashion line. With anything you do in life, study what the most successful people are doing and learn from them. Make a list of your favorite clothing desigenrs and visit their websites or check out these reliable resources as you prepare to design your own colthes online.

Car In 1.3L

Mahindra and Renault’s new small car venture yeni will boost their steps to over take the small car markets as they will launch new segment of cars. Estimated cost would be around 1.3 lacks indian rupes which is a good econmic price for middle class people in india. Mahindra is the first in auto company’s that starts multi-brand car for the people of india. The superstore is located in western suburb Mumbai. It is a huge store covering an area of 40,000 square feet. The motive of this huge store is to show car as brand new cars. The automaertindia is able to display 150 vehicles at once to its customer’s. the superstore deals with all range of vehicles from the basic maruti 800 to any top model car of any brand.

Tata Nano

Tata Nano it is a city care launched by india’s Tata Motors on 9^th annual auto expo on january 10,2008 at pragati maidan, new delhi, India. The air conditioning, radio or power steering will not be there in standard version of Nano its cost is 100,000 indian rupes

Tata introduced the new car Nano, it is world’s first cheapest car its specifications are 33 hp by 24 kw with a 623 cc rear engine and rear wheel drive, and its fuel economy 21.97 km/L its under city road conditions and on highways 25.97km/L. it is the first time a two-cylinder non-opposed petrol engine will be used in a car with a single balancer shaft. Tata motors has reportedly filed multiple patents related to the innocations in the design of nano, with powertrain design alone having 34 patents. The head of tata motor’s engineering research centre, girish wagh had been credited with being one of the brains behind Nano’s design.

Acceleration: 0-70 km/h (43 mph): 14 seconds

Maximum speed: 105 km/h (65 mph)

Fuel economy (combined City + Highway): 20 kilometres per liter (5 L/100 km, 47 US mpg, 56 UK mpg)

Body and dimensions

Seat Belts: 2

Trunk capacity: 30 L (1.1 cu ft)

Suspension, tires and brakes

Front brake: disc

Rear brake: drum

Front track: 1,325 mm (52.2 in)

Rear track: 1,315 mm (51.8 in)

Ground clearance: 180 mm (7.1 in)

Front suspension: McPherson strut with lower A arm

Rear suspension: Independent coil spring

12-inch wheels

Fiat 500

The Fiat 500 has three four-cylinder engines – a 1400 cc 100 bhp petrol, a 1200cc 69 bhp petrol, and a 1248cc, 75 bhp multijet diesel engine already in India on the diesel Suzuki Swift. The car is 3.55 metres in length, but features 7 airbags including a knee-airbag and comes with a five star rating in EuroNCAP tests.

Besides the Fiat 500, the company has also lined up a few other models that would follow. The launch of Fiat 500 is being positioned in such a way that it would herald the arrival of the other new models such as Bravo and most importantly the Linea.

The Fiat Linea is a mid-size sedan Linea which would debut in September 2008. The Linea is expected to come up with 70 per cent local content, and company sources said that Fiat’s successful 1.3 multi-jet engines with 95 bhp will be used in Linea. Yet another model Grande Punto will follow he Linea and would get set for a December launch. The Fiat Bravo too is expected soon in India.

How the Indians look’s

=============Indians are greatly bound by religion and family. Worshipping is an important part of Indian in daily life. Apart from temples, mosques and Church, they will have personal place for worship, god statue and picture of god in every house. Indians are sharp in Mathematics and they are hard workers by nature.

Indians also have mustaches, Indian have a habit of early morning joking. Indian likes to be formals and trendy. He always prefer formal dress, he will follow the rules and regulations. Most of Indian is black-eyed. He is cricket fans even they can miss there exams, job and so on.

Indians are friendly, strict and straight forward in nature. He wants to learn more things and he always upgrade his knowledge. People speak hundreds of different languages. Every Indian knows more than 2 languages. India has 18 major languages, with English and Hindi as the official languages.

Indian ladies like’s Saree and they are shy, Indians are whitish in completion, black-eyed and black hair. Indian girls like gold very much. With reference to marriage after marriage most of females are house wife, it is the duty of a woman to take care of her home. Hers is a 24x7 job, yet she manages to execute it smoothly and is respected for this quality. Men are still considered the head of a family and all decisions are taken by male; most of the Indians are in join family. One common thing you will find among Indians is that young people shows respect to their elders. Children are financially supported by their parents throughout their education.

Indians are well fit and regularly spend their weekends by going to cinema, beach and shopping. He regularly takes coffee at morning, tea at evening and milk at night. Every Indian had his father name as surname. Indian waste time by talking about others (gypsies) . He had a habit of watching news in TV every day night, reading news paper while travelling; most of Indian read books, news papers, magazines and so on while travelling. Indian is music lovers; Indian music is loved by millions around the world.

Indian has a habit of going to cool places like ooty and kodaikannal during summer. ooty and kodaikannal are the coolest (18 to 10 degree c ) place In south India. Indians speaks more, most of them likes to drive bikes.

Finally, a Indian loves music, hates sun, work hard, they spend weekends with their family, obeys the law, Indian believe in god, most of Indian wont drink and smoke and Indian respect nation and national flag.

Marketin

Marketing it is a wide range of activities involved in making sure that client is continuing to meet the needs of customers and getting appropriate value in retuen. Marketing is usually focused on one product or service, marketing plan for one product might be very different than that for another product. We have two types of marketing Inbound marketing and Outbound marketing.

Inbound Marketing it is a research to find out what group of petential customers exits, what is their needs which we can fullfil how we can fullfil, etc. Out Bound Marketing it includes promoting a product through continued advetising, promotions, public relations and sales.

Adertising it is a trick to gain the customer attention to wards the product, advertising is focused on one particular product. An advertising paln for one product might be very different that other product advertise. Advertising is done with sign, brochures, commercials, direct mailings or e-mail messages, personal contact, etc.

Ultraviolet light for illuminating objects

Why is ultraviolet light sometimes used for illuminating objects that should be imaged.

An object, that we can’t detect easily with visible light can be imaged being illuminated by ultraviolet light. Ultraviolet light is electromagnetic radiation with shorter wavelength and higher frequency. For this , ultraviolet light is invisible to human eyes. Ultraviolet light has more penetrating power than visible light. So, within an object ultraviolet light reaches easily and the radiation causes the object fluoresce. Now a days, for many purposes ultraviolet light is being used for detection. Detecting problem under skin, detecting evidence like-human secretions and stains from a crime spot, detecting originality of money, checking security cards are the common uses of ultraviolet light. The marks given for identification are not visible with eyes but can be seen under UV .

Sun emits uv and there are other sources of UV by which an object can be illuminated. An object under UV, emits radiation can be imaged by a camera which only allows UV to reach it’s lens.

To have a precise image of an object, that need to be placed under a UV source. Then with a camera that absorbs all lights except UV, an image can be taken.

Color of object

Discuss how the color of objects is seen by the eye and by a camera in sunlight, moonlight and indoors (with light from light bulbs).

The colors of the object play a prominent role with their identification, but the color of an object is not a fixed property and it depends upon the nature of light. There are various reasons for the changes in color to occur and it is mainly due to dark adapted eye and color blindness. The blue color of the sky is mainly because of scattering of sunlight in the earth’s atmosphere, it is caused by Rayleigh scattering principle which tends to scatter more blue light than red light.

The eye work together with the brain to distinguish between distance of an object and estimate the size of the objects. Sensitivity of bright light occurs mainly due to the exposure of eye to sunlight or any bright objects. This kind of sensitivity is caused by dilate of pupils. An adjustable iris is necessary in both camera and light to range the intensity of light in environment. The difference in light intensities between light and moon-light is one million.

The human eye is more sensitive to light, it allows light to pass through and falls on the most sensitive part of the eye called retina, which is located at the rear part of the eye. Here there are two different photoreceptor cells known as cone and rod cells which are responsible for detecting color and low-light contrast respectively. They convert light into neural signals and responsible for vision. Rod cells cannot distinguish color, but are useful in detecting objects at low light vision. Cone cells are responsible for detecting color vision which intern require more light to function. Cones are further divided into long, medium and short wavelength light.

The objects illuminated with moon light lack color, it is because there is insufficient light for the eyes to perceive. The human eye is very complex than most advanced electronic camera. Here the rods can only sense the intensity of light but it cannot able to detect colors, thus by operating at very low intensity of light. While cones can able to differentiate between colors but need high intensity of light. In the case of objects seen by the eye in moonlight cones cannot operate and the brain cells receive signals from rod, therefore moonlight appears to be black and night vision. It is recommended to have a long exposure with color camera in moonlight; it would have all the colors as in daytime.

Human eyes are better when compared to cameras in compensating of low light. The lot of indoor objects that our eyes perceive to be well lighted to match with the upper limits of camera abilities. For filming in indoors, either a room with good artificial lightning should be choose, thus one can get best results when at maximum aperture is set. The aperture setting should be low for more light in the lens to enter in a camera. The lower aperture setting will result in least “depth of field”, and will have a great change in focus from object in the foreground.

Colours in moonlight

Explain why it is more difficult to see colours in moonlight than in sunlight.

Sun emitts lights of every wavelength.Red,orange,yellow,green,blue and violet are the visible lights.Every colour is found in sunlight and each colour is recognized by own wavelength.Human eye can detect colors whose wavelengths range from 380nm to750nm.

Moonlight is the reflection of sunlight.So moonlight is the same colour as sunlight but lot dimmer.Sensitivity to colours of eyes is greater than light intensity.To human eyes, colours appear desaturated when the light is very low.Moonlight gives insufficient light for eyes to perceive color.Light is focused on the retina of the eye by the lens.Retina cotains two types of nerve cells-rods and cones.Rods deals with brightness and cone is with colours.The sensitive cells react to light and their interaction sends message to the brain.Then brain can indicate colours.Rods detect intensity of light and can do anything for detecting colours.Cone is sensitive to different wavelengths or colours.The rods sense intensity and are unable to detect colours, they can operate at very low intensities of light.On the other side, the cones detect colors apart but need quite high intensities of light .

So the difference of light intensity and eye function causes difficult to see colours in moonlight than in sunlight.

Aeon mobile

Nokia's research and development team have kicked it up a gear with an attractive "aeon" concept phone showing up in the R&D section of the company's website. The most prominent design feature of aeon is a touchscreen that stretches over the full surface area of the phone, similar to BenQ-Siemens's Black box concept phone we saw recently. Currently mobile technology isn't quite up to realizing this fantasy, but we'll sleep better tonight knowing that at least one of the cellphone industry's biggest names shares the same dream as we do -- BenQ's dream didn't count, unfortunately.

Light reflection on CD

Explain the colours that are seen when light from a lamp is reflected on a CD.

Light is made up of a collection of many colors. A compact disc is made of a polycarbonate wafer which is coated with a metallic film, usually an aluminum alloy and film is covered by a plastic polycarbonate coating. The coatings are very thin less than 100nm thick and each coating partially reflects and also partially transmits incident light. Light is made of waves-like the waves in the ocean. When light waves reflect off the ridges on CD, they overlap and interfere with each other. Sometimes the waves add together, making certain colours brighter, and sometimes they cancel each other, taking certain colours away.

When light from a lamp is reflected on a CD light rays reflected from different coating boundaries interfere with each other to produce the colorful patterns. The reflectance of the CD is not uniform, because CD disk contains a long string of pits written helically on the disk. Like water drops in falling rain, the CD separates white light into all the colours that make it up. The colours we see reflecting from a CD are interference colour, like the shifting colours on a soap bubble or an oil slick. The reflected light will make rainbow colours: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet. If the coatings thickness is very thin, then interference can occur. Violet light has a wavelength of about 4,000 angstroms (hundred-millionths of a centimeter), while red light has a wavelength of about 7,600 angstroms

Human vision color

In human vision color is reduced to 3 co-ordinates. Still, in most color printing, 4 colors are used. In high quality color print 7 colors are used. Explain the advantages of using 4 or 7 colors, when we can only see 3 colors.

From the electromagnetic energy spectrum, our eyes can detect the small portion of the wavelengths which is 380 nm to 770 nm. This range of wavelength is the visible light spectrum. The short wavelength of visible spectrum is blue and longer one is red. All the colors in nature we can see is in between blue and red. Red, Green and Blue are the primary colors. Something creates color by absorbing certain wavelengths of color while reflecting other wavelengths back to the viewer. Other way to produce color is when a particular source emits only certain wavelengths.

Retina is the light sensitive tissue in human eyes. It is consists of rods and cones. Rods functions in less intense light and cones in bright light. There are three kinds of cones-red absorbing cones that absorb long wavelength light, green absorbing cones that absorb middle wavelength light and blue absorbing cones that absorb short wavelength light. Human eyes define a color by perceptual attributes of brightness, hue and colorfulness.

Cyan, magenta and yellow are the secondary colors in between three primary colors. The additive combination of two primary colors in proportion gives the perception of a secondary color. Red and green yields yellow, blue and red yields magenta, blue and green yields cyan and other colors can form this way. In printing, color is defined in terms of reflectance and absorbance of cyan, magenta, yellow and black inks on the paper. In 4 color printing- cyan, magenta, yellow and black inks are used which act as filters and subtract portions of the white light strike the image on paper to produce other colors. Paper reflects unabsorbed light back to the viewer.

Color printing gives a reproduction of an image or text in color. In 4 or 7 color printing, the color used is the different proportion of RGB and give rise to the visual sensations of all other colors.

Fashion

Fashion at Raffaello Network designer handbags, clothing, neckties and shoes are available in the widest selection available online. Gucci, Prada and Fendi are just some of the fashion brands we feature in addition to Armani, Dolce & Gabbana, Versace and Tod's. This is one of the reasons why Raffaello Network has become the number one online fashion store. We offer a vast range of over 100 designers and more than 30,000 styles to find the design that perfectly suits your taste. Raffaello Network has served thousands of satisfied customers since 1998 and was the first online fashion store. By offering internet cost savings and purchasing which is handled in Italy, we make it possible for our customers to save an average 40% over retail prices and to choose within a virtually infinite selection of styles. Your protection and privacy is always protected when shopping at Raffaello Network. We have been selected by Verisign, Scan alert, Square trade and E-public eye, and third party independent watchdogs, to fully comply with the FBI security guidelines. Be assured that shopping at Raffaello Network is 100% safe. Have a look at our extensive selection of designer shoes, ties, wallets, cufflinks, belts, handbags, clothes and underwear and we hope you enjoy shopping at Raffaello Network

Colour of Sun,Moon and Stars

Discuss the differences in colour between the sun, the moon and the stars.

We know that sun has its own light. Its light is inherited by the moon and stars. As moon reflects sunlight and does not have an atmosphere so the colour of the moon and the sun should have been same. We also know that the sun radiates at a surface temp of about 5780K. This means its light is white. Although it looks yellow from here on Earth, the light of the Sun would actually look very white from space. But if blue is scattered in the atmosphere it will be scattered for both sunlight and moonlight. The moon is slightly yellowish at night. And on the other hand moon light is usually white.

The moon is yellow at night because if were to pin the colour output to a spectrometer we'd see it yellow. But there are two more things that make it appear different from the daytime sun: a) the colour is more diffuse through scattering of the surface on the dusty moon and our atmosphere b) our eye have very poor colour perception in dim lighting or from dim lighted sources. So if we combine diffuse light with poor perception of dim light sources, it’s not that much of a stretch to see that our eyes perceive it to be less than yellow in colour. During the daytime though, if the moon appears white, it has more to do with the combination of blue sky that overwhelms any perception of the dim, diffuse yellow that the moon might be reflecting.

At first glance, the stars may appear to all be white, but if we look at them from dark skies for any amount of time, we will see they are a diverse variety of colours which are red, yellow, white, and blue. Stars are such of these different colors depending on how hot they are that means on its surface temperature. Star work in the same way as a fire does. The coolest part of the fire is the top where the flames are red. It is hotter in the middle where it glows yellow while the hottest part is near the fuel where it glows blue. Therefore some of the hottest stars are blue and are called Blue Giants. The biggest known stars are called Supergiants. Rigel is blue Supergiant which is over 100 times bigger than the sun. Yellow stars like the sun are a bit cooler, and are called Yellow Dwarfs. Red Dwarf stars are smaller and cooler than the sun.

Global warming

Every body is talking about the cilmate change and global warming. But what is global warming?

It is defined as the increase of the average temperature on earth as the earth is getting hotter, disasters like hurricanes, droughts and floods are getting more frequent. Over the last 100 years , the average temperature of the air near the earth’s surface has risen a little less than 1 degree Celsius. Does not seem all that much? It is resposible for the conspicuous increase in storm, flood and raging forest fires we have seen in the last ten years, though, say scientist. Their data show that an increase of one degree celsius makes the earth warmer now than it has been for at least a thousand years. Out of the 20 warmest years on record, 19 have occurred since 1980. The three hottest years eave observed have all occurred in the last ten years.

Good Frame Speed Cameras

To Capture a moving object we need a good frame speed camera. When object is moving at different velocities we take different frame per second and it is related to the camera shutter speed.

To capture a moving object by camera we need to concentrate on the camera shutter, Shutter - It open and closes to control the length of time light strikes the film. There are two types of shutters: a leaf shutter, located between or just behind the lens elements, and a focal plane shutter, located in front of the film plane. shutter speed of the cameraWhenever the subject is moving, the choice of shutter becomes an important consideration in creating the impression of movement in a still image. Shutter Speed Control - This know controls the length of time the shutter remains open. Typical shutter speeds are measured in fractions of a second, such as: 1/30 1/60 1/125 1/250 1/500 and 1/1000 of a second.

And we have to concentrate on frames per second calculation Frames per second or the more general frame rate refers to the number of individual frames being photographed each second. The professional frame rate is 24 fps; that is, 24 individual photographs are recorded per second. Many cameras come with several frame rates,

If at all we have to capture the moving object we need at least 5 frames per seconds speed camera.

In 5 frames per second speed when the object is placed 1meter far from the camera the camera covers 2meter of wide area.

Here we have object of 1cm and it is placed 1m far from the camera and object is moving at different velocities 10m/s ,100m/s, 1000m/s so by calculating we can find the different frame rates for the object moving at different velocities

For 10m/s velocity, we have 1cm object, distance between object and camera is 1m so the wide area covered by the camera is 2m. 2m=2000cm/s

10*1000 = 10000cm/s

10000/2000 = 5 frames per second we need

For 100m/s

100*1000 = 100000cm/s

100000/2000 = 50 frames per second we need

For 1000m/s

1000*1000 = 1000000cm/s

1000000/2000 = 500 frames per second we need

So the equipment we need is good frame speed camera and the frames are get adjusted according to the speed of the moving object.

First and foremost, your shutter speed is crucial when capturing moving objects. It’s advisable to use a fast shutter speed when you want to get a very good focus on your subject. Using a slow shutter speed, will only blur your object.

Gadgets

Celebrity Britney Spears and Paris Hilton decorate their mobile phones with Ed Hardy cases. Little swarovsky crystals are also used in order to customize some smartphones. And due to the successful market penetration of the iPhone, having one is not a sign of exclusivity anymore; so, many people want to transform them into a singular gadget by adding ornaments and accessories. For that reason, several design companies, which are dedicated to “highlight” computers and mobile phones, were prominent participants at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas (CES 2010). In particular, besides the technology, the show also included other elements to decorate gadgets; for example: precious and semi-precious stones, remarkable color combinations, and some complex and daring tattoos. The price is a secondary thing, even if the accessories are more expensive than the devices (prices range from $40 for a decal to $1,500 to insert crystals or stones in a device). Although it could be excessive for some people, other people think it is worthwhile to be the center of attraction. Under this premise, some headphones (which previously were intended to have a tiny size in order to be hidden under the clothes) have bigger sizes (apparently, the bigger, the better). For example: The headphones included in the new iWave’s Crystal Clear Collection; they look very fashionable and are a good choice if you like to isolate yourself from the surrounding environment. Definitely, some good designs can take the gadgets to another level.

Stars Twinkle

Stars twinkle due to turbulence in the Earth's atmosphere. Thick layers of turbulent , it is an moving air in the earth’s surface.

Since the atmosphere is made up of several layers, each layer has a different temperature and density, and as the light from a star passes through the atmosphere, it bends through each layer and this is what we recive as twinkling.

We see this because of light's passage through layers of air with differing temperatures, pressures, densities, moisture content and other factors. All of them will have a subtle effect on the light, and it will "waver" a bit so that we get a "twinkle" when we look at the stars. Temperature differences are well known for distorting light, and the "heat waves" we see when objects are viewed through air with differing temperatures in the path of the light are things we can generally recall. On a hot day, air above the heated surface of a dark colored vehicle appears to "shimmer" because of the "heat" rising from the vehicle.

Light from the stars came a long way to get here for us to see it, but it is its passage through earth's atmosphere that gives it the greatest difficulty. And we see the difficulty the light has getting through the atmosphere 'cause it just can't stay in a straight line. The small "shifts" the light takes in its travel appear as the "twinkle" of the stars.

The apparent twinkling of stars is actually caused by our atmosphere. As light passes through it, it is slightly interfered with. The lower a star is, the more atmosphere its light is having to pass through, so stars nearer the horizon seem to twinkle a lot more than those higher up or overhead.

Auto Focus in Cameras

Auto Focus - The camera will automatically focus the lens for a sharper picture and it helps to improve the quality of the pictures.

The working of auto focus in camera, we have small computer operated motors to move lens to get sharper images in this procedure the lens in the camera will move in and out till they calculate the distance from the object to get the sharper image. To calculate the distance from the object to camera, the infrared signal will be sent from the camera’s emitter, and when the infrared signal reflect back the camera will detect the signal and measures the intensity of infrared of light bounced back and measures the amount of time it takes to reflect back from object and the microprocessor in the camera will calculate the time and set the lens in the suitable position to capture the sharper image, this procedure is called active autofocus. today's cameras uses an infrared signal, and is great for subjects within 20 feet (6 m).

In this auto focus system we have passive systems, in this passive system to calculate the distance form the object we use the computer analysis of the image it self. This type of systems we can find in single lens reflex ( SLR) cameras with inter changeable lenses, and uses sensors that compute the contrast of the image. In this camera uses charge coupled device(CCD) to see light from the scene in this CCD we have strip of 100 to 200 pixels . In this passive system the camera continuously adjust the lens to capture the sharper image, the microprocessor searches for the greatest difference in intensity between lights and darks in adjacent pixels. This system will read vertical objects, so you should focus on a vertical edge like face of person or we can hold the camera in the vertical position for the horizontal objects like mountains. Now days we have a new cameras sensors which can focus on both vertical and horizontal objects.

Before the discovery of the auto focus cameras the people were using the manual focusing to get the sharpest picture and normal lens which are fixed in the cameras and not much expensive which gives the normal image.

We haves some defects with the auto focus system in cameras, In active auto focusing system the infrared sensing can get confused like if we take picture through window the infrared ray will reflect back because of the glass in the window and open flames in front of the camera like birth day candles can also confuse the sensors and drake surface will absorb the infrared ray.

Boy on 07/07

Hi, this is about the boy who born on 7th July early in the morning around 4:35am. The Doctor welcomed him by hiting 2 time on his back to make sure he is alright, But it hurts. After that one beautiful nurse took him in her hands and placed him in middle of girls, who born 2 mins before him, stupid nurse forgot put on cloths but no problem even girls don’t have cloths at that time. When his mother took him first time in her hands she was very happy by seeing his son. and his father said first word by seeing his son that my son will become engineer.
After 3 years, on 7th July morning around 10am boy was admitted in to the school, first day to the school white shirt blue short handkerchief in pocket to wipe nose, black shoes and superman poster bag and big chocolate in hand and last but not least lot of tears in the mom eyes by seeing his son going to school first time. One lady took him to his class, in class his roll number was 7. Teacher made him to sit between girls, girls are cute but always crying. At sudden he listen one big sound It was not the teacher fall down it was entry of our principal, he is the man who is curl to the student he will eat students lunch box he make them cry for his word he ill punish student if they are not clean and good looking he always hold one long white stick in his hand to beat students. when he entered in to the class room every one was silent even a girl stopped crying, he said welcome kids, am happy to see u all. But I was not happy.